Scandal (1989)

R | 100 mins | Drama | 28 April 1989

Writer:

Michael Thomas

Producer:

Stephen Woolley

Cinematographer:

Mike Molloy

Editor:

Angus Newton

Production Designer:

Simon Holland

Production Company:

Palace
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HISTORY

The following title cards conclude the film: “Stephen Ward was found guilty in his absence of living off the immoral earnings of prostitution. He died without regaining consciousness. Memorial services were held on August 10th, 1963. Nobody came”; “Christine Keeler was convicted of perjury in a related trial. She entered Holloway Prison on December 6th, 1963. Today she lives alone in a London housing project”; Mandy Rice-Davies became a cabaret singer and opened a string of successful nightclubs abroad. Married for the third time, she now resides in London and Florida”; “John Profumo left politics and dedicated his life to charity work. In 1975, the Queen awarded him one of England’s highest honors, Commander of the British Empire”;“In October 1963, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan resigned. After a decade in power, the Conservative government fell, exhausted by scandal.”
       Articles in 9 Aug 1988 Village Voice and 28 Apr 1989 NYT reported that producer Stephen Wooley and writer Michael Thomas initially envisioned Scandal as a four-to-five-hour miniseries for the British Broadcast Corporation (BBC). BBC was initially keen on the idea, but members of the board decided it was too controversial. The pair then spent around six years finding financing to make the project as a feature film.
       To increase their chances of success in the U.S., American actress Bridget Fonda was cast.
       A 17 Aug 1989 HR news item stated the film’s budget was $7 million.
       An 8 Jun 1988 Var news item announced principal photography began 6 Jun 1988 in the United Kingdom.
       According to the 17 ...

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The following title cards conclude the film: “Stephen Ward was found guilty in his absence of living off the immoral earnings of prostitution. He died without regaining consciousness. Memorial services were held on August 10th, 1963. Nobody came”; “Christine Keeler was convicted of perjury in a related trial. She entered Holloway Prison on December 6th, 1963. Today she lives alone in a London housing project”; Mandy Rice-Davies became a cabaret singer and opened a string of successful nightclubs abroad. Married for the third time, she now resides in London and Florida”; “John Profumo left politics and dedicated his life to charity work. In 1975, the Queen awarded him one of England’s highest honors, Commander of the British Empire”;“In October 1963, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan resigned. After a decade in power, the Conservative government fell, exhausted by scandal.”
       Articles in 9 Aug 1988 Village Voice and 28 Apr 1989 NYT reported that producer Stephen Wooley and writer Michael Thomas initially envisioned Scandal as a four-to-five-hour miniseries for the British Broadcast Corporation (BBC). BBC was initially keen on the idea, but members of the board decided it was too controversial. The pair then spent around six years finding financing to make the project as a feature film.
       To increase their chances of success in the U.S., American actress Bridget Fonda was cast.
       A 17 Aug 1989 HR news item stated the film’s budget was $7 million.
       An 8 Jun 1988 Var news item announced principal photography began 6 Jun 1988 in the United Kingdom.
       According to the 17 Aug 1989 HR, Lord Astor’s estate refused to let filmmakers shoot there.
       Wooley stated that he received threats of lawsuits if he used certain people’s names, including actor Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., who is referred to as "Douglas Fairfax, Jr." in the picture and credited as "Matinée idol."
       A 20 Mar 1989 HR news item reported that Scandal received an "18" rating in England, meaning filmgoers had to be eighteen years or older to view it. In America, the picture initially was given an X-rating due to an orgy scene. However, as stated in a 13 Apr 1988 DV article, the rating was reduced to an “R” when the offending scene was “reconstructed,” although the running time remained the same.
       As reported in a 15 Feb 1989 Var news item, Scandal premiered on 2 Mar 1989 at the Odeon Theater in London, England. Proceeds from the charity event went to the Terrence Higgins Trust to fight AIDS.
       The film was a financial success grossing over $5.9 million in the United Kingdom after six weeks in release, according to the 13 Apr 1989 DV.
       “The Profumo Affair” was instrumental in bring down the Conservative Party’s thirteen year control of British Parliament, although a governmental inquiry led by Lord Denning, the Master of Rolls, determined no security leak had transpired and that there were no links between the government and the scandal.
       Stephen Ward overdosed on barbiturates on 30 Jul 1963 after writing notes to friends. He was discovered unconscious and rushed to the hospital. On 1 Aug 1963, he was found guilty of living off Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice-Davies “immoral” earnings. His sentencing was postponed until he regained his health. However, Ward never regained consciousness and died 3 Aug 1963. Besides having his story told in Scandal, Ward was the subject of an Andrew Lloyd Webber musical titled Stephen Ward, the Musical, which opened at the Aldwych Theater in London on 19 Dec 2013.
       Throughout the years, there have been protests over Ward's convictions on grounds that police officers encouraged witnesses to commit perjury. Recently, human rights lawyer Geoff Robertson has demanded the English government release transcripts of depositions. In a 2 Dec 2013 Guardian article, Robertson stated that Ward’s trial was "the worst unrectified miscarriage of justice in modern British history."
       End credits include: "Scandal based in part on 'Nothing But' by Christine Keeler & Sandy Fawkes; 'Mandy' by Mandy Rice-Davies & Shirley Flack; 'Stephen Ward Speaks' by Warwick Charlton; 'The Profumo Affair, A Summing Up' by Judge Sparrow; 'Scandal '63' by Clive Irving, Ron Hall, Jeremy Wallington"; and, “Special thanks to: Premila Hoon, Alexander Gelderman, Granada Studio Tours, Gary Stone and the staff of Lee International Studios, Wembley, Kerry Boyle, Vikki Piller, Wendy Broom, Patsy Pollock, Anthony Summers, Stephen Dorril, Brian Cowgill, David Garrnett, Andy Birchall, Beverly and Daisy Canton-Jones, Cesare Ferrari, Anthony Frewin, Gaz Mayall, Christine Keeler, Mandy Rice-Davies."

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GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS
LOCATION
SOURCE CITATIONS
SOURCE
DATE
PAGE
Daily Variety
13 Apr 1989
p. 1, 4
Guardian
2 Dec 2013
---
Hollywood Reporter
17 Aug 1989
pg. 1, 23
Hollywood Reporter
20 Mar 1989
---
Hollywood Reporter
27 Apr 1989
p. 4, 22
Los Angeles Times
27 Apr 1989
p. 1
New York Times
28 Apr 1989
p. 10
Variety
15 Feb 1989
---
Variety
8 Jun 1988
---
Variety
8 Mar 1989
p. 21
Village Voice
9 Aug 1988
---
CAST
NAME
CREDITED AS
CREDIT
+ −
PRODUCTION CREDITS
NAME
PARENT COMPANY
PRODUCTION COMPANY
PRODUCTION TEXTS
Palace in association with
Miramax and British Screen present
A Palace Production
DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
NAME
CREDITED AS
CREDIT
DIRECTORS
1st asst dir
2d asst dir
3d asst dir
PRODUCERS
Assoc prod
Exec prod
Exec prod
Co-exec prod
Co-exec prod
WRITERS
Orig concept developed by
Orig concept developed by
PHOTOGRAPHY
Dir of photog
Cam op
Focus puller
Clapper loader
Cam trainee
Stills photog
Gaffer
Best boy
Elec
Generator op
2d unit cam
2d unit focus puller
Cam and lenses by
Cam equip supplied by
Grip equip supplied by
Lighting equip supplied by
Film supplied by
ART DIRECTORS
Prod des
Art dir
Sketch artist
Draughtsperson
Art dept asst
FILM EDITORS
1st asst ed
2d asst ed
SET DECORATORS
Set dresser
Prop master
Changehand stand-by prop
Stand-by prop
Chargehand dressing prop
Dressing prop
Changehand prop storeman
Const mgr
Stand-by carpenter
Stand-by rigger
Stand-by painter
Stand-by stagehand
Set const
COSTUMES
Cost des
Ward supv
Ward mistress
Ward asst
Ward runner
Cost supplied by
MUSIC
Orig mus by
Mus rec
Mus fixer
Orch
Score rec at
SOUND
Sd mixer
Boom op
Sd maintenance
Sd ed
Dial ed
Dubbing mixer
Asst sd ed
Asst dial ed
Footsteps ed
Addl dubbing
Addl dubbing asst
Sd re-rec at
VISUAL EFFECTS
Montage and title des
MAKEUP
Chief make-up artist
Makeup artist
Chief hairdresser
Hairdresser
Crowd casting
PRODUCTION MISC
Casting
Loc mgr
Prod accountant
Prod coord
Loc asst
Scr supv
Asst accountant
Post prod accontant
Post prod supv
Orig reseach
Asst to the dir
Producer's secy
Prod runner
Mr. Woodley's asst
Dial coach
Casting asst
Crowd casting
Unit pub
Fight arranger
Joblit attachement
Joblit attachment
Unit driver
Unit driver
Equip vehicle driver
Equip vehicle driver
Equip vehicle driver
Equip vehicle driver
Equip vehicle driver
Equip vehicle driver
Equip vehicle driver
Vehicles provided by
Loc vehicles provided by
Action vehicles provided by
Catering
Catering
Catering
Library footage
Library footage
Library footage
Exec in charge of prod for Miramax Film Corporatio
Completion bond provided by
Legal adv
Financial services
Insurance arranged by
COLOR PERSONNEL
Processed by
SOURCES
SONGS
"Witchcraft," performed by Frank Sinatra, composed by Cy Coleman & Carolyn Leigh, ©1957 (renewed) Notable Music Co., Inc., and Morley Music Co. USA, used by permission of Campbell Connelly & Co., Ltd., and Chappell Morris Ltd., London ®1957 recording courtesy of Capitol Records, Inc.; "She Wears Red Feathers (And A Huly, Huly Skirt)," performed by The Chevalier Brothers, author and composer Bob Merrill, ©1952 Golden Bell Songs, used by permission of Intersong Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Palace (Scandal) Ltd.; "Running Bear," performed by The Chevalier Brothers, composed by J. P. Richardson & J. Preston, published by Filmtrax Mogull, recording courtesy of Palace (Scandal) Ltd.; "What Do You Want," performed by Adam Faith, composed by Les Vandyke, published by Filmtrax Pic/Belwin Mills Music Publishing Ltd., ®1959 recording courtesy of EMI Records Ltd.; "Apache," performed by The Shadows, composed by Jerry London, published by Francis Day & Hunter Ltd., ®1960 recording courtesy of EMI Records Ltd.; "Back At The Chicken Shack," performed by Jimmy Smith, composed by Jimmy Smith, published by Dick James Music Ltd., ®1960 recording courtesy of Manhattan Records, a division of Capitol Records Inc.; "Those Lazy Hazy Crazy Days Of Summer," performed by Nat King Cole, composed by Hans Carste, ®1963 recording courtesy of Capitol Records Inc.; "My Kind of Girl," performed by Matt Monro, composed by Leslie Bricusse, published by Westminster Music Ltd., ®1960 recording courtesy of EMI Records Ltd.; "Honour Your Ma And Pa," performed by Desmond Dekker, composed by Desmond Dekker, published by Blue Mountain Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Island Records Ltd.; "Be Still," performed by Derrick Morgan, composed by Derrick Morgan, published by Blue Mountain Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Island Records Ltd.; "Last Night," performed by Owen Gray, composed by Owen Gray, published by Blue Mountain Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Island Records Ltd.; "Dogwar," performed by Toots & The Maytals, composed by Frederick Hibbert, published by Blue Mountain Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Island Records Ltd.; "Miss Jamaica," performed by Jimmy Cliff, composed by Jimmy Cliff, published by Blue Mountain Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Island Records Ltd.; "Goodness Gracious Me," performed by Peter Sellers & Sophia Loren, composed by Herbert Kretzmer & David Lee, published by Tro-Essex Music Ltd., ℗1961 recording courtesy of EMI Records Ltd., "Please Please Me," composed by Lennon & McCartney, published by Dick James Music Ltd.; "Cry Me A River," performed by Julie London, composed by Arthur Hamilton, ©1953 Chappell and Co. Inc., used by permission of Chappell Music Ltd., London, ®1957 recording courtesy of Liberty records, a division of Capitol Records Inc.; "The Twist," performed by Chubby Checker, composed by Ballard, published by Carlin Music Corp., re-recording courtesy of Kilo Music Ltd.; "We'll Meet," performed by Roy and Millie, composed by Derrick Morgan, published by Blue Mountain Music Ltd., recording courtesy of Island Records Ltd.; "Jambalaya On The Bayou," performed by Fats Domino, composed by Hank Williams, published by Acuff-Rose Publications Inc., used by permission of Acuff-Rose Opryland Music Ltd., ®1961 recording courtesy of Liberty Records, a division of Capitol Records Inc.; "I Remember You," performed by Frank Ifield, composed by Victor Schertzinger & John H. Mercer, ©1942 Paramount Music Corp., used by permission of Chappell Music Ltd., London, recording courtesy of EMI Records Ltd.; "Blue Train," performed by John Coltrane, composed by John Coltrane, published by SBK Unart Catelogue Inc., ®1985 recording courtesy of Manhattan records, a division of Capitol Records Inc.; "Do You Want To Know A Secret," performed by Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas, composed by Lennon & McCartney, published by Northern Songs, recording courtesy of EMI Records Ltd.; "You Make Me Feel So Young," performed by Nelson Riddle & his Orchestra, composed by Mack Gordon and Josef Myrow, ©1946 Bregman Vocco & Conn Inc., used by permission of Chappell Music Ltd., ®1959 recording courtesy of Capitol Records Inc.; "Nothing Has Been Proved," performed by Dusty Springfield, composed by Neil Tennant & Chris Lowe, published by Virgin Music (Publishers) Limited, produced by The Pet Shop Boys, co-produced & mixed by Julian Mendlesohn, recording courtesy of EMI.
SONGWRITERS/COMPOSERS
+ −
DETAILS
Release Date:
28 April 1989
Premiere Information:
London premiere: 2 Mar 1989; Los Angeles and New York openings: 28 Apr 1989
Production Date:
began 6 Jun 1988
Physical Properties:
Sound
Dolby Stereo in selected theaters
Color
Lenses
Panvision
Duration(in mins):
100
MPAA Rating:
R
Countries:
United Kingdom, United States
Language:
English
SYNOPSIS

In 1959, osteopath Stephen Ward spots Christine Keeler, a gorgeous underage nightclub performer, and unsuccessfully attempts to get her telephone number. The next week, Christine is visiting her working class family in the country when Stephen drives up in his sportscar and takes her to a large Tudor style cottage on the grounds of Lord William Astor’s estate. Stephen explains that Astor lets him rent the cottage for one British pound per year because he lets Astor cheat him at bridge. As Stephen gives Christine a tour of Cliveden, the Astor manor, he explains that only people born to wealth and nobility, or the very beautiful, are invited to mingle with high society. He offers to tutor her for such a life. Soon, Stephen takes control of Christine’s look, turning her from a peroxide blonde to a brunette, and changing her clothes from “SoHo chic” to “Covent Garden sexy.” One night, after a party celebrating the Conservative Party winning Britain’s general election, Stephen invites a few politicians to his apartment for an orgy. After getting over her initial shock, Christine joins in. The next night, she enters the nightclub dressing room to find Mandy Rice-Davies, a cool blonde, sitting in her chair. Christine orders her to move, but Mandy refuses until the other girls gang up on her. Later, the girls dress as “Indians” for a dance number. Someone steals Mandy’s top, but Christine observes that the girl is so slight, no one will notice. During the number, a frustrated Mandy appears topless, upstaging Christine. After the show, Christine hears Mandy lying to her mother about ...

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In 1959, osteopath Stephen Ward spots Christine Keeler, a gorgeous underage nightclub performer, and unsuccessfully attempts to get her telephone number. The next week, Christine is visiting her working class family in the country when Stephen drives up in his sportscar and takes her to a large Tudor style cottage on the grounds of Lord William Astor’s estate. Stephen explains that Astor lets him rent the cottage for one British pound per year because he lets Astor cheat him at bridge. As Stephen gives Christine a tour of Cliveden, the Astor manor, he explains that only people born to wealth and nobility, or the very beautiful, are invited to mingle with high society. He offers to tutor her for such a life. Soon, Stephen takes control of Christine’s look, turning her from a peroxide blonde to a brunette, and changing her clothes from “SoHo chic” to “Covent Garden sexy.” One night, after a party celebrating the Conservative Party winning Britain’s general election, Stephen invites a few politicians to his apartment for an orgy. After getting over her initial shock, Christine joins in. The next night, she enters the nightclub dressing room to find Mandy Rice-Davies, a cool blonde, sitting in her chair. Christine orders her to move, but Mandy refuses until the other girls gang up on her. Later, the girls dress as “Indians” for a dance number. Someone steals Mandy’s top, but Christine observes that the girl is so slight, no one will notice. During the number, a frustrated Mandy appears topless, upstaging Christine. After the show, Christine hears Mandy lying to her mother about how exciting the nightclub is. When Mandy hangs up, Christine asks her out for a drink. Afterward, Christine is helping Mandy sneak her possessions out of her apartment when they are caught by the landlady. Christine runs outside, where Lord Astor is waiting in his Rolls Royce. Pretending to cry, Christine embarrasses Astor into giving Mandy forty pounds to keep the landlady from calling police. Mandy moves in with Christine and Stephen, who parades the two girls before his wealthy friends. At one party, he introduces them to Eugene Ivanov, a military attaché for the Soviet embassy. On another night, the girls go to “Club 21.” There, they meet Douglas Fairfax, Jr., an American matinee idol. After pantomiming lesbian sex, they engage in a ménage à trois with Fairfax. Stephen’s friendship with Ivanov catches the attention of Mr. Woods, a member of British Military Intelligence (MI5), who asks Stephen to keep an eye on the Soviet attaché. Stephen invites Ivanov to his cottage, where Christine can be seen diving into the swimming pool. When Lord Astor leads his dinner guest, Secretary of War John Profumo, to the cottage, they find Christine dancing naked for Stephen and Ivanov. Christine tries to run inside the house, but Profumo catches her. They stare at each other in silence until flood lights are turned on to reveal Lady Astor, Valerie Profumo, and others of Astor’s party guests. Mrs. Profumo wraps a towel around Christine and separates the girl from her husband. Throughout the summer, Stephen throws parties at which Ivanov and Profumo vie for Christine’s attentions. One day, Stephen arranges for Ivanov to drive Christine to London, and the two end up in bed. When Stephen finds out, he calls Mr. Woods at MI5. The next day, Profumo arrives and takes Christine on a drive. Stephen is disappointed when Christine reports back that Profumo was a complete gentleman, but lightens up when she predicts he will call her soon. That night, Stephen and a friend drive Christine to a Jamaican club in East London to procure marijuana. Fearing he looks too much like someone from “Scotland Yard,” Stephen sends Christine to talk to Lucky Gordon, a tall Jamaican. Lucky only agrees to the sale if Christine accompanies him inside the club. As Stephen and his friend smoke marijuana, Christine dances with Lucky. That night, she makes love to him in his flat. Days later, she has her first sexual encounter with Profumo. During one of their trysts, Lucky telephones and asks to see Christine, but she hangs up and tells Profumo it is the nightclub owner asking about the show. Christine is happy balancing her affairs with Ivanov, Profumo, and a few other men. However, Profumo worries he will be recognized going to the cottage. He tells Christine she cannot trust Stephen, so unless she finds another apartment, their affair is over. Insisting that Stephen cannot live without her, Christine breaks off the affair. When she informs Stephen, he tells her she made a mistake, as Profumo will be Prime Minister someday. Irate, Christine yells that she is young and sick of being given to old men, then takes Mandy for a night at the Jamaican club. There, she seduces a Jamaican gangster named Johnnie Edgecombe, but when they wind up in bed, Lucky appears and attacks the other man. Johnnie pulls out a razor blade and gashes Lucky’s cheek. Terrified, Christine rushes back to Stephen. She is amused to find Mandy in Stephen’s bed. The next day, Johnnie appears outside Stephen’s cottage, demanding Christine run away with him before Lucky can take his revenge. When Christine refuses, Johnnie pulls out a revolver and shoots the door. After he leaves, Christine is brought to the police station. Stephen meets her there. He tells her she is out of control and urges her to leave before she destroys his reputation. Christine counters that Stephen brought her to the Jamaican club, the orgies and sex parties; therefore, she is what he made her. Stephen refuses to take responsibility and leaves her standing outside in the rain. A reporter named Kevin asks her to accompany him for a cup of tea. The distraught Christine admits to the Profumo affair, insisting it was Stephen’s fault. Kevin calls his editor to let him know he has stumbled onto a huge story. The next day, Christine’s picture is on the front page of every London newspaper as part of the shooting story. Stephen meets with Ivanov, who is being recalled to the Soviet Union. Ivanov warns him that he will be made the scapegoat, but Stephen laughs, and predicts the whole affair will be forgotten in a week. At Mandy’s urging, Christine signs a contract to sell her story. To counter the rumors, Profumo makes a personal statement, assuring the House of Commons that there was no “impropriety” in his relationship with Christine. To control the situation, Lord Hailsham, a Conservative Party leader, contacts Scotland Yard to investigate Stephen. Soon, friends and acquaintances are being detained and questioned. Stephen appeals to Hailsham to call off the witchhunt, warning that he will be forced to defend his reputation by revealing the truth. Hailsham warns him that it is illegal to blackmail the government. Stephen telephones Mr. Woods at MI5 for assistance, but the man refuses his calls. Later, Lord Astor asks him to move out of the cottage. Christine is interrogated by police who accuse her of being a prostitute with Stephen as her pimp. She argues that Stephen is the only man she ever loved, and they are both innocent. Months pass as more revelations of sexual deviations of the rich and powerful are aired in the press. Questions of national security are raised when it is discovered that Christine was sleeping with both the Secretary of War and a Soviet “spy.” Profumo is forced to resign. Weeks later, Christine visits Stephen, and he confesses he always feared that someday his friends would betray him. He promises to drag down everyone if they come after him. Stephen is charged with procuring and living off immoral earnings. Although Christine and Mandy testify they were not prostitutes, nor did they give Stephen money other than rent, the prosecution insists he lived off their “wages of sin.” Later, Stephen’s defense attorney cross-examines Christine and accuses her of using Stephen so she could sell her memoirs. A few nights later, Stephen commits suicide by overdose of barbiturates. In his suicide note, he states he would rather “get” himself than be gotten by the “vultures.”

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Legend
Viewed by AFI
Partially Viewed
Offscreen Credit
Name Occurs Before Title
AFI Life Achievement Award

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